Antibiotic resistance is real. In the years to come, we may no longer be able to treat and cure many of the infections we once could as bacteria outsmart our most sophisticated drugs.
With drug resistance expected to result in 10 million deaths a year by 2050, scientists are hunting high and low for alternatives to antibiotics.
A 1000-year-old natural remedy made from onion, garlic, wine and bile salts has shown antibacterial potential, with promise to treat diabetic foot and leg infections, new research published yesterday suggested.
Known as Bald's eyesalve, the treatment has the potential to tackle biofilm infections - communities of bacteria which resist antibiotics - making them much harder to treat, the researchers said.
Biofilm infections are estimated to cost the UK alone more than AU$1.8 billion every year, the study said.
"We think it has particular promise for treating diabetic foot infections. They are the ultimate, super-resistant biofilm infection. They are a huge health and economic burden. They really can become untreatable," she said.
"There's a high risk that these diabetic foot ulcers are completely resistant to any antibiotic treatment. Then there's a risk of a person developing sepsis ... and people end up having their foot or lower leg amputated."
Early medical text
The concoction was among the recipes for medicines, salves and treatments in "Bald's Leechbook," an Old English leatherbound book held in the British Library. It's one of the earliest known medical texts.
"When you read it as a microbiologist, you think that it's got to do something because every ingredient in it has some antibacterial activity when you test it in a test tube. It seemed like a sensible one to put together," Professor Harrison said.
"It's also very clearly targeted to a bacterial infection from the description of the symptoms in the book."
They made the mixture using garlic and onions purchased from ordinary supermarkets or greengrocers, while the wine was an English white. The bile salts come from a cow's stomach.
Chance project
The research project came about by chance after Professor Harrison, who has a passion for medieval history and enjoys historical re-enactment, heard about the book. She teamed up with former colleague Christina Lee, a specialist in Old English at the University of Nottingham, where Professor Harrison used to work.
"To be honest, we didn't go into this thinking that five years down the line this would be something we would have translational funding for. We thought it would simply be an interesting piece of microbiology," she said.
Curiously, Professor Harrison said that "Bald's Leechbook" also contained a remedy for malaria using wormwood, which was endemic in parts of England in the early medieval period.
"All of that time essentially the same remedy was sitting in an English medieval text, but no one had taken it seriously," she said.
Modern medicine
Antibiotics underpin modern medicine, and if they lose their effectiveness medical procedures like surgery and chemotherapy could become too dangerous.
There are many different avenues for new antibiotics and alternative treatments, scientists say. Targets include everyday substances like honey and vinegar but also more obscure sources like the blood of komodo dragons. Other approaches use viruses to target bacteria that have outsmarted sophisticated antibiotics.
One of the key findings from the study was that it was the mixture of natural products, rather than a single compound, that gave Bald's eyesalve its "potent anti-biofilm activity."
The team has also been testing the safety of the mixture and preliminary research expected to publish soon shows "it has a promising safety profile," Professor Harrison said.
The next step then would be to chemically characterise the mixture and begin patch testing on human skin, but the latter had been delayed by the coronavirus pandemic.
Professor Harrison said the nature of researching a combination of ingredients, rather than single plant or compound, could make the development and regulatory approval process more time consuming.
"In the next year we hope to have some idea of the chemistry, a better idea of the safety, and then it would be a case of saying is it actually effective but I'm sure you're aware this work does take a long time," Professor Harrison said.
"It's important to recognise that most exciting-looking, potential anti-microbials ultimately fail to translate into a product. So we have to be very realistic and do a lot of detailed work to see if it will be useful."
https://news.google.com/__i/rss/rd/articles/CBMijwFodHRwczovL3d3dy45bmV3cy5jb20uYXUvaGVhbHRoLzEwMDAteWVhci1vbGQtbWVkaWV2YWwtcmVtZWR5LWNvdWxkLXN0b3AtYW50aWJpb3RpYy1yZXNpc3RhbmNlLXN0dWR5LWZpbmRzL2IyOWY3MWZmLTczNWItNGEyZS1hY2M4LTRlYzFhZWY1NTIyOdIBRWh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLjluZXdzLmNvbS5hdS9hcnRpY2xlL2IyOWY3MWZmLTczNWItNGEyZS1hY2M4LTRlYzFhZWY1NTIyOQ?oc=5
2020-07-28 22:39:00Z
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